How the war played out locally-
Marlborough Plantation in Massachusetts was settled about 1656 by neighboring Sudbury residents needing more land for their families. By the start of the war in 1675, Marlboro Plantation had a population of roughly 225 white people, comprising about thirty homes.  The only inhabitant in the part of Marlborough that is modern Northborough was John Brigham.  Considered the first settler, he was gifted large tract of land in 1672, extending westward from the present center of Northborough to Ball Hill, in repayment for surveying services rendered to Marlborough. He had a sawmill on “Howard’s Brook” and his house stood on Church street, near the meetinghouse common. 

The “Praying Indian” village at Marlborough had about forty men, besides women and children.  During the hostile times surrounding King Philip’s war, under the direction of the English, the Indians had built a fort for themselves.  They were furnished with ammunition and some with arms by the government, as well as arms of their own.  While relations between the Marlborough natives and colonists were mostly civil, there had been conflict dating back to the 1660’s, when the town’s first meetinghouse was erected on an old Indian planting field and blocked access from the Indian village to the town’s main road.  After the deadly attack on Lancaster, the Marlborough Indians’ loyalty to the colonists fell under suspicion and their fort was attacked and plundered by colonial soldiers.  Fifteen of the Indians were arrested and sent to Boston, tied neck to neck like galley slaves.  After a long trial and imprisonment in Boston, eleven of the fifteen were fully acquitted.  Few returned to the area and their persecution was the likely cause of the abandonment of the Indian settlement at Marlborough.

Being a frontier town, Marlborough was exposed to attacks from all directions.  But as it was located on the road to Connecticut, Marlborough was also considered to be a point of military advantage.  The garrison at Marlborough had become a rendezvous for the troops going to and coming from the western towns and while it was occupied by soldiers, the people felt some degree of security in their homes.  After the hostile Indian raids on Lancaster and Deerfield, the people of Marlborough felt vulnerable and designated specific homes where assigned families and soldiers could gather in case of an attack.   As anticipated, the settlement was attacked twice in 1676 and partially destroyed when many of the town’s remaining structures were burned. Tradition holds that several days after he had evacuated, John Brigham’s home was also burned to the ground by Indians.  In fear, the people of Marlborough, including John Brigham, fled to Watertown.  Marlborough was not completely abandoned as it continued to be maintained by the military as a supply depot.

Although the town suffered a major loss of property during the war, there was no significant loss of colonists’ lives.   Many settlers returned after the war, desiring to divide the "Indian Plantation" for deeds among the Marlborough proprietors. While John Brigham did not return at the conclusion of the war, eventually settling in Sudbury, he did retain his role as proprietor and remained active in the town as it regrouped and rebuilt. 

SOURCES:
Allen, Rev. Joseph. History of Northborough, Mass., in Various Publications and Discourses.  Worcester: 1880.

Bigelow, Ella A. Historical Reminiscences of the Early Times in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Prominent Events from 1860 to 1910: Including Brief Allusions to Many Individuals, and an Account of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town.  Marlborough, Mass.: Times Publishing Company, 1910.  
 
Bodge, George Madison.   Soldiers in King Philip's War; Being a Critical
Account of That War, With a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620-1677, Official Lists of the Soldiers of Massachusetts Colony Serving in Philip's War, and Sketches of the Principal Officers, Copies of Ancient Documents and Records Relating to the War, Also Lists of the Narragansett Grantees of the United Colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut.  Leominster, Mass.: Printed for the Author, 1896.

Brigham, Willard Irving Tyler. The History of the Brigham Family: a Record of Several Thousand Descendants of Thomas Brigham the Emigrant, 1603-1653. New York: Grafton Press, 1907-1927.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.  Worcester County.  Deed Records, 1877. 
Worcester County Registry of Deeds, Worcester. 

Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Marlborough, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: From its First Settlement in 1657 to 1861: With a Brief Sketch of the Town of Northborough, a Genealogy of the Families in Marlborough to 1800, and an Account of the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town. Boston: T.R. Marvin & Son, 1862.

Kent, Josiah Coleman.  Northborough History.  Newton, Massachusetts: Garden City Press, 1921.

Schultz, Eric B. and Tougias, Michael J.  King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict.  Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press, 1999.

Overview
King Philip's War (1675-76) was the almost two-year conflict between the colonists and the Native Americans in New England that was considered to be one of the most devastating wars in this country's history. One in ten soldiers on both sides was either wounded or killed. At the height of the war, hostilities even threatened to push the English colonists back to the coast. In the aftermath of the war, it took years for towns to recover from the loss of life and property damage.

The war is named for King Philip, the son of Massasoit and chief of the Wampanoag nation. After the death of his brother in 1662, whom the Indians suspected the English murdered, Philip became sachem. He maintained a shaky peace with the colonists for a number of years. However, peace eroded after the steady succession of land sales forced on the Indians and by their growing dependence on English goods.

By 1671, the English colonists grew suspicious of Philip and questioned him, fined him, and demanded that the Wampanoag surrender their arms. Following that indignation, a Christian Indian (who was an informant to the English) was murdered in 1675, probably at Philip's instigation. For that murder, three Wampanoag were tried and executed. These events led up to the official beginning of the war in June of 1675, where in retaliation to their tribesmen’s  execution, the Wampanoag raided the border settlement of Swansea. Other Indian raids followed, where towns burned to the ground and many colonists were viciously slain.

The Wampanoag were joined by the Nipmuc and Narragansett Indians, and soon all the New England colonies were involved in the war between colonists and “hostile Indians”. On the other hand, “Praying Indians” (Native Americans of New England who converted to Christianity) pledged loyalty to the colonists and provided invaluable service to the militias. Sadly, the great majority of these Praying Indians were persecuted due to distrust and misinformation. By March 1676, in the panic caused by heavy colonial losses, four hundred innocent Christian Indians were forcibly removed to Deer Island in Boston Harbor, where many died of hunger and exposure.

The war declined after Philip’s unsuccessful attempt to secure aid from the Mohawk to the west.  The consequence of the war, which was extremely costly to the colonists in both people and money, was the end of tribal Indian life in southern New England and the disappearance of the fur trade.  Westward expansion of the colony would face virtually no resistance as the Indians no longer inhabited the frontier border lands or posed an imminent threat.

NEXT WEEK - Part II:  "How Did King Philip's War Play Out Locally?"

SOURCES:
Allen, Rev. Joseph. History of Northborough, Mass., in Various Publications and Discourses.  Worcester: 1880.

Bigelow, Ella A. Historical Reminiscences of the Early Times in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Prominent Events from 1860 to 1910: Including Brief Allusions to Many Individuals, and an Account of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town.   Marlborough, Mass.: Times Publishing Company, 1910.  
 
Bodge, George Madison.   Soldiers in King Philip's War; Being a Critical Account of That War, With a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620-1677, Official Lists of the Soldiers of Massachusetts Colony Serving in Philip's war, and Sketches of the Principal Officers, Copies of Ancient Documents and Records Relating to the War, Also Lists of the Narragansett Grantees of the United Colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut.  Leominster, Mass.: Printed for the Author, 1896.

Brigham, Willard Irving Tyler. The History of the Brigham Family: a Record of Several Thousand Descendants of Thomas Brigham the Emigrant, 1603-1653. New York: Grafton Press, 1907-1927.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.  Worcester County.  Deed Records, 1877. 
Worcester County Registry of Deeds, Worcester.  

Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Marlborough, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: From its First Settlement in 1657 to 1861: With a Brief Sketch of the Town of Northborough, a Genealogy of the Families in Marlborough to 1800, and an Account of the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town. Boston: T.R. Marvin & Son, 1862.

Kent, Josiah Coleman.  Northborough History.  Newton, Massachusetts: Garden City Press, 1921.

Schultz, Eric B. and Tougias, Michael J.  King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict.  Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press, 1999.

Sudbury, MA - I braved the threat of the incoming “snowstorm of the season” this afternoon to go check out the Revolutionary War Cemetery in Sudbury, MA, established in 1716.  It is the oldest cemetery of modern Sudbury and holds the remains of 47 soldiers who fought in the Revolutionary War. Also buried there are Revolutionary era leaders and historical figures, such as Colonel Ezekiel How, second innkeeper of the historic Wayside Inn. The oldest existing stone is from 1727 and if you are interested, a list of the names on the stone markers is available from the Historical Society.

My quest today was to move along the trail of John Brigham (1644-1728) in hopes of finding clues about his burial. My John Brigham, as I have learned, was not only the pioneer settler of what is now Northborough, MA but also a prominent settler of nearby towns Marlborough and Sudbury.  When he died in 1728, he had been a long-time resident of Sudbury, but was also reported to have stayed with his daughter Mary (Brigham) Fay in Northborough.  As none of the three towns has a burial record for our John Brigham, where did he go?  His church membership and death were recorded in Sudbury, so that is where I headed to find a clue or two.   
          

I located only two headstones in the burial ground for Brigham, neither of which was for John or one of his 3 (yes, 3) wives. Located at opposite ends of the property, they were possibly infant brother and adult sister.  Curiously enough, the burial for the adult Mary Brigham is located at the end of a row that has a large gap between it and the next marker, a small footstone engraved “M.B.” 

Now whether or not the little footstone belongs to Mary is difficult to tell, particularly as there is a relatively generic footstone already located behind her headstone, but no matter.  What does matter is that this cemetery is arranged with many “family groups” where headstones with the same surname take up a row or two.  In a small historic cemetery such as this, with closely placed burials in neatly arranged rows, any “empty” spaces are quite possibly unmarked graves where the stones fell and were buried under the sod over time.  As serendipity would have it, the property has a Ground Penetrating Radar project planned for it this year and the goal will be to identify probable unmarked burials. 

At the end of my visit, the snow started falling and my inked notes started to bleed…but before heading home, I felt I had discovered a possible burying place for members of the Brigham family that lived during the time of my John Brigham.  That alone made it a good day at work.  

 
You can find the photos and transcriptions of the Brigham headstones at www.billiongraves.com.  A virtual tour of historic Sudbury is available on the town's Historical Society website. 

Source:
Allen, Rev. Joseph.  History of  Northborough, Mass., in Various Publications and Discourses. Worcester: 1880.

Overview
The emergence of early private schools in Massachusetts may have been to address the concerns of ensuring education in communities experiencing difficulty in maintaining schools, or to offer advanced and focused curriculum for older children. The several private institutions in Northborough during the earlier centuries offered advanced or theological curriculum as an alternative to the required public schools:

The Northborough Seminary (1780 – abt 1788)
The year was 1780 and the Town of Northborough made it a priority to build dedicated schoolhouses in which to provide quality public education for all children in town.  At that same time, 14 heads of families invested in The Northborough Seminary, the town’s first private institution.  The individuals’ financial support of alternative education was notable for that era, considering that the American Revolution had taken a large toll on the local economy and its resources.  

The Seminary was built at the junction of Pleasant and Church Streets, on the Meeting House Common.  After the school ceased operation, the vacant building was sold and relocated to the corner of Rice and Whitney Streets as a private residence. 

The Allen School
(1818 – 1852)
Reverend Joseph Allen (1790-1873) was installed as Town Minister in 1816 and shortly thereafter opened The Allen School to earn extra income and educate his own family of seven children at their home at 49 Church Street. It was a family school for boys, organized to prepare young men for college or the ministry, and also to provide classical instruction to a large number of private pupils preparing themselves for other professions.  Because the minister’s household had strong religious principles and operated during the Temperance and Abolition Movements, the mission of the school was also “to influence young minds, and to instil (sic) into them such principles as may enable them to resist the temptations of life.”  An example of how the boys implemented their skills for social justice and community improvement can be found in their short-lived, but well-respected, school paper titled The Meteor (1836-1837).

The school record shows students attending as early as 1818 and as late as 1852.  As there were few schools of this kind at that time, the number of pupils soon exceeded the plan and their home was enlarged to accommodate them.  During that time, at most there were about twenty students in the parsonage, ranging in ages from six to twenty seven. Although the Allen family desired to close the school as the aging Mrs. Allen’s health began to fail, they kept on a few students during the years after 1852.

The Valentine Boarding School (abt 1837 – 1865)
Educated in the public schools of Northborough and privately at The Allen School, Elmer Valentine (1795-1864) was one of five brothers who became eminent teachers. He taught both in Northborough and at his own private school in Boston.  In 1837, he returned to Northborough and opened The Valentine Boarding School. He was considered not only a very successful teacher, but was also noted for his beautiful handwriting and published a manual on the art of penmanship. The school was originally conducted in the vestry of the Baptist Church at School and Summer Streets. The following year, he relocated to the farm at 50 Cherry Street, where the school continued until it closed in 1865.  

The Allen Home School (1882 – abt 1890)
The Allen Home School was conducted by the Rev. Joseph and Lucy Allen’s' son, Edward A. H. Allen (1828-1898).  He was educated in Northborough schools, received advanced science degrees, and spent his career in academics.  Having experience as a professor of physics and as principals of private schools elsewhere in Massachusetts, he returned to Northborough (at age 52) to establish a private preparatory school.  In 1886, the school was advertised in a Chicago theological publication, Unity and the University, noting “special attention given to preparation for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the new scientific requirements at Harvard College.”  Operating as late as 1890, the school was considered “a well-equipped institution of its class.”

SOURCES:
Allen, Elizabeth Waterhouse.  Memorial of Joseph and Lucy Clark Allen.  Boston: George H. Ellis, 1891.

Allen, Rev. Joseph.  History of Northborough, Mass., in Various Publications and Discourses.  Worcester: 1880.

Allen-Johnson Family, Papers, 1759-1992.  Manuscript Collections.  American Antiquarian Society, Worcester.

Kent, Josiah Coleman.  Northborough History.  Newton, Massachusetts: Garden City Press, 1921.

Nason, Rev. Elias.  A Gazetteer of the State of Massachusetts.  Boston; B.B. Russell, 1890.

New York, New York.  The New York Times, 1898.

Unity and the University, Volumes 17-18. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1886.